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Abbreviations SBT: Sea buckthorn FW: Fruit weight USD: United State Dollars VB1: Vitamin B1 VB2: Vitamin B2 VB6: Vitamin B6 VB11: Vitamin B11 VC: Vitamin C VE: Vitamin E VK: Vitamin K DW: Dry Weight P: Phosphorous K: Potassium Ca: Calcium Mg: Magnesium Fe: Iron Cu: Copper Zn: Zinc Mn: Molybdenum Ni: Nickel RP-HPLC: Reverse Phased High Performance Liquid Chromatography GAE: Gallic Acid Equivalent TE: Torolox Equivalent CCl4: Carbon Tetrachloride EC50: Effective Concentration GSH: Glutathione BW: Body Weight ROS: Reactive Oxygen Species AIA: Adjuvant Induced Arthritis NO: Nitric Oxide cAMP: Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate PKA: Protein Kinase A LPS/CS: Lipopolysaccharide/ Cigarette Smoling ERK: Extracellular signal-regulated Kinase PI3K: Phosphoinositide 3 Kinase Akt: Serine/threonine protein kinase PKC: Protein Kinase C NF-B: Nuclear FactorB FAS: Fatty Acid Synthase DNA: Deoxyribonucleic Acid IRF: Interferon Regulatory Factor IC 50 : Inhibitory Concentration IL: Interleukin ALT: Alanine Transaminase AST: Aspartate Transaminase ALP: Alkaline Phosphatase TLR: Toll like Receptor THF: Total flavonoids LOX: Lipooxygenase eNOS: Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase IFN-: Interferon gamma H1N1: Hemagglutinin Type 1 and Neuraminidase Type 1 GY: Gray TFF: Total Flavonoid Fraction CHR: Cold, Hypoxia & Resistant COX: Cyclooxygenase PGE2: Prostaglandin E2 iNOS: Inducible Nitric oxide synthase HRV3: Human Rhino Virus MIC: Minimum Inhibitory Concentration GC-MS: Gas Chromatography Mass Spectroscopy References Abartiene D, Malakhovskis A (1975) Combined action of sea buckthorn oil and anti-tumor preparation on the growth of M-1 sarcoma in rats and their hematological and biochemical indexes

If participants withdraw from this study due to adverse events (AEs), the researcher will arrange follow-up until the AEs are properly handled

doi: 10.1038/nature12537 23 FedericoMPortianskyELSommeseLAlvaradoFJBlancoPGZanuzziCNet al

10.1007/s11033-023-08283-x 32 GaoF.YuB.RaoB.SunY.YuJ.WangD.et al

Cited studies are preclinical research, not therapeutic claims