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doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2022.110745

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Excellent dietary sources include: Liver and organ meats : Beef liver provides approximately 70 mcg per 100gfar exceeding daily needs Shellfish : Clams, mussels, and crab are exceptionally rich sources Fish : Salmon (5 mcg per 100g), trout, tuna, and mackerel provide substantial amounts Meat and poultry : Beef, lamb, and chicken contain 13 mcg per 100g Dairy products : Milk (0.4 mcg per 100ml), cheese, and yoghurt contribute meaningfully Eggs : One large egg provides approximately 0.6 mcg For vegans and vegetarians , reliable B12 sources are essential as plant foods contain no bioavailable B12 (despite some claims about algae or fermented products)

Jun 25 2015;5:11601

German Whole Foods Vegans Consuming Nori and Mushrooms Soil and Organic Produce as a B12 Source for Vegans Bibliography Subclinical B12 Deficiency and Homocysteine in Vegans Summary Background on Homocysteine Homocysteine in Vegetarians and Vegans Cognition B12 Status and Prospective Studies of Cognitive Decline B12 Metabolites and Brain Volume Randomized Controlled Trials of B-Vitamins, Cognitive Decline, and Brain Atrophy Research on Vegetarians and Vegans Summary of B12 and Cognition Mortality and Cardiovascular Disease Bone Mineral Density Bibliography