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1 Introduction The microbiome comprises a diverse array of microbial communities residing internally and on the hosts surface, critically influencing host health and disease trajectories ( 2 Microbial metabolites: mechanistic classifications and context-dependent signaling networks 2.1 Types and sources: core mechanistic frameworks Microbial metabolites encompass a structurally diverse array of bioactive molecules synthesized through fermentation, respiration, and secondary metabolism, including short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), tryptophan (Trp) derivatives, bile acids, polyamines, polysaccharides, and lipopolysaccharides (LPS) ( Critically, the immunomodulatory effects of microbial metabolites are determined by context-dependent variables including: (1) concentration gradients (e.g., micromolar vs

Disease progression and age as factors underlying multimorbidity in patients with COPD: results from COSYCONET [J]