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Despite their therapeutic promise, clinical translation has been hindered by the difficulty of achieving effective delivery into the brain

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3D cell culture models Most in vitro studies of ECD rely on 2D cell models where a monolayer of ECs is grown on tissue culture polystyrene (TCPs) plates [237]

One of the central regulatory pathway in redox balance is the Kelch-like ECH-Associating protein 1 (Keap1)nuclear factor erythroid 2 related factor 2 (Nrf2)antioxidant response element (ARE) pathway, which upregulates biosynthesis of antioxidant proteins, including antioxidant enzymes such as heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), glutathione S -transferase, NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), glutathione reductase (GR), Trx-R, CAT, and SOD, but also nonenzymatic antioxidant proteins, e.g., Trx or anti-apoptotic proteins from Bcl-2 family 64

RSL3, FIN56, FINO 2 ) and ii) FINs that affect LDE detoxification directly by GSH depletion/conjugation impairment and subsequently lead to additional export impairment following progression of ferroptosis (ex