Couillard C, Pomerleau S, Ruel G, Archer WR, Bergeron J, Couture P, et al
TMAO and cardiovascular disease The connection between TMAO and CVD was first made using an animal model in 2011, which revealed that choline, TMAO and betaine were predictors of CVD risk
Uch-L1 C-terminal hydrolase activity can be measured in vitro by an enzyme assay using the fluorogenic substrate Ub-AMC, and its activity can be effectively inhibited by the specific inhibitor LDN-57444 (Wilkinson et al., 1989
The bladder is longitudinally bisected, with one half immersed in formalin for pathological evaluation and the other half preserved in RNA keeper for molecular study
Abbreviations RA: rheumatoid arthritis RF: rheumatoid factor ACPA: anti-citrullinated protein antibodies HLA: human leukocyte antigen SE: shared epitope STAT4: signal transducer and activator of transcription 4 IL: interleukin NK: natural killer IFN- : interferon- Th: T helper CTLA-4: T-lymphocyte associated antigen-4 IRF5: IFN regulatory factor 5 TNF- : tumor necrosis factor- DCs: dendritic cells MMPs: matrix metalloproteinases CVD: cardiovascular diseases HAQ: Health Assessment Questionnaire T2DM: type 2 diabetes mellitus TLR4: Toll-like receptor 4 NMR: nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy MS: mass spectrometry PI(3)K: phosphatidylinositol- 3-OH kinase mTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin MetS: metabolic syndrome IR: insulin resistence SF36: 36-item Short Form Health Survey WAT: white adipose tissue PBEF: pre-B-cell colony enhancing factor NAMPT: nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase BAFF: B-cell activating factor PsA: psoriatic arthritis ED: endothelial dysfunction ROS: reactive oxygen species DAS: disease activity score NO: nitric oxide NF- B: nuclear factor B EPCs: endothelial progenitor cells FMD: flow-mediated dilation ADMA: asymmetric dimethylarginine NOS: NO synthase HOMA: Homeostasis Model Assessment BNP: natriuretic peptide IMT: intima media thickness DMARDs: disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs MTX: methotrexate PPAR: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor
