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Engineering strategies like heteroatom doping and surface functionalisation refine optical behaviour, enhance ROS generation, and enable targeted functionalities, broadening the application of CQDs

MTT assay The number of viable cells was measured with the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT, SigmaAldrich, USA) assay (Hansen et al

MPTP changed the gut microbiota structure of mice, as detected by -diversity analysis and -diversity analysis based on weighted UniFrac distances (Fig

Although the peroxidation of PUFAs in phospholipids in response to ferroptotic stimuli amplifies the number of lipid radicals produced via free radical chain reactions, ultimately leading to cell death, it is possible that antioxidants and membrane repair systems are also activated to resist ferroptosis 159,160,161,162,163

Abstract Calcium oxalate (CaOx) is the most common type of kidney stone, and its crystal deposition can induce oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, and cell death