Ni, K., Xu, R., Chen, Y
Locks in Hydration: These molecules boost hydration levels from the inside out, leaving skin soft, smooth, and less prone to dryness
250 Obesity significantly impacts B cell function
Routes of administration may include, but are not limited to, enteral (into the intestine), gastrointestinal, epidural (into the dura), oral (through the oral cavity), transdermal, epidural, intracerebral (into the brain), intracerebroventricular (into the ventricles of the brain), epithelial (applied to the skin), intradermal (into the skin itself), subcutaneous (under the skin), nasal (through the nose), intravenous (into the veins), intravenous bolus injection, intravenous drip, intraarterial (into the artery), intramuscular (into the muscle), intracardial (into the heart), intraosseous infusion (into the bone marrow), intrathecal (into the spinal canal), intraperitoneal (infusion or injection into the peritoneum), intravesical infusion, intravitreal (through the eye), intracavernosal injection (into the pathological cavity), intracavitary (into the root of the penis), intracavernosal (into the root of the penis), subcutaneous bone marrow, subcutaneous bone, or subcutaneous tissue, or the like, Intravaginal administration, intrauterine, extraamniotic administration, transdermal (diffusion through intact skin to achieve systemic distribution), transmucosal (diffusion through mucosa), transvaginal, insufflation (sniffing), sublingual, sublabial, enema, eye drops (on conjunctiva), ear drops, otic (in or through ear), buccal (pointing to cheek), conjunctival, skin, dental (applied to one or more teeth), electroosmosis, intracervical, intracoronary, intratracheal, extracorporeal, hemodialysis, infiltrative, interstitial, intraabdominal, intraamniotic, intraarticular, intrabiliary, intrabronchial, bursa, intrachondral (in cartilage), intracolic (in cauda equina), intracisternal (in cisterna magna), intracorneal (in cornea), intracoronary (in coronary artery), intracavernosal (in expandable space of penis cavernosum), Within an intervertebral disc (within an intervertebral disc), within a catheter (within a glandular catheter), within a duodenum (within a duodenum), within a dura mater (within or below a dura mater), within a epidermis (applied to the epidermis), within an esophagus (applied to the esophagus), within a stomach (within the stomach), within a gum (within a gum), within a ileum (within a distal portion of the small intestine), intralesionally (within a localized lesion or directly introduced into a localized lesion), intraluminal (within a lumen), intralymphatic (within a lymph vessel), intramedullary (within a medullary cavity of a bone), intracerebroventricular (within a meninges), intramyocardial (within a myocardium), intraocular (within an eye), ovarian (within an ovary), intrapericardiac (within a pericardium), intrapleural (within a pleura), prostatic (within a prostate), intrapulmonary (within a lung or its bronchi), intrasinus (within a nasal or orbital sinus), spinal (within a spinal column), Intrasynovial (within the synovial cavity of the joint), intratendinous (within the tendon), intratesticular (within the testis), intrathecal (within the cerebrospinal fluid on any level of the cerebrospinal axis), intrathoracic (within the thoracic cavity), intratubular (within the tubes of the organ), intratumoral (within the tumor), intratympanic (within the middle ear), intravascular (within one or more vessels), intraventricular (within the ventricle), iontophoresis (using an electric current in which ions of soluble salts migrate into body tissue), irrigation (soaking or irrigating open wounds or body cavities), laryngeal (directly on the larynx), nasogastric (through the nose and into the stomach), occlusive dressing techniques (topical route administration, which is then covered by a dressing that penetrates the area), ocular (applied to the outer eye), oropharyngeal (applied directly to the mouth and pharynx), parenteral, transdermal, periarticular, intraepithelial, and the like, Epidural, perineural, periodontal, rectal, respiratory (in the respiratory tract, for local or systemic effect by oral or nasal inhalation), retrobulbar (postpontine or retrobulbar), intramyocardial (into the myocardium), soft tissue, subarachnoid, subconjunctival, submucosal, topical, transplacental (through or through the placenta), transtracheal (through the tracheal wall), transtympanic membrane (through or through the tympanic cavity), ureter (applied to the ureter), urethral (applied to the urethra), vaginal, sacral block, diagnostic, neural block, biliary perfusion, cardiac perfusion, in vitro photochemotherapy, or spinal column
FIGURE 2 3.1 Subcellular dysfunction and oxidative stress 3.1.1 Mitochondria and oxidative stress Mitochondrial dysfunction plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of BIPN
