Figure 2 3.1 Fluoride As widely documented, fluoride combats dental caries through three mechanisms: inhibiting demineralization, promoting remineralization, and suppressing bacterial metabolism ( Calcium fluoride (CaF 2 ) nanoparticles (average 58 nm), synthesized via spray-drying and incorporated into resin matrices, exhibit excellent biocompatibility and significantly enhanced F release capacity that remains stable over repeated recharging cycles ( 2 or fluorohydroxyapatite under cariogenic pH (4.5-5.5) generated by bacterial metabolism ( 2+ , F , PO 4 ) at acidic pH (4.5-5.5) is markedly higher than at neutral pH (6.5), a trend sustained even after recharging ( 3.2 Nanoamorphous calcium phosphate Amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) possesses a non-crystalline structure and exhibits high ionic release activity ( 2+ ) and phosphate (PO 4 ) ions, while maintaining structural stability with minimal ion release in neutral or alkaline environments ( Incorporating nano-sized NACP alongside dimethylaminohexadecyl methacrylate (DMAHDM) nanoparticles into resin-based materials creates a dual-functional composite
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