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Vitamin E plays a protective role in the pathological process of LLD via two mechanisms: first, it suppresses the expression of apoptosis-related molecules such as caspase-3, preserving neuronal structural integrity

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However, Fe 3+ produced by the Fenton reaction is subsequently reduced to Fe 2+ by cellular reductase, creating a vicious cycle that further damages dopaminergic neurons

Targeting mitochondrial induces apoptosis Previous studies focusing on the regulation of mitochondria in apoptosis indicated that pro-apoptotic proteins translocate to the mitochondrial outer membrane and trigger the source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and apoptosis directly