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Multiple antioxidant therapeutic strategies are being investigated because of the importance of OS in the pathophysiology of IBD to eliminate ROS, enhance AOE activities, and inhibit abnormal redox signaling ( Figure 2 )

I 2 values were calculated to estimate between study heterogeneity

There have been multiple human studies with NAD supplementation and in some cases, they have shown significant benefits and in others there was no difference between treatment and controls

It also discloses a fact most competing timelines omit the foundational Dihexa mechanism papers were retracted in 2025 for image manipulation

TB-500 is related to thymosin beta-4 and is associated with cell migration and blood vessel support, while BPC-157 is studied for soft tissue and gut-related repair