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Dark circles have two primary causes that are frequently conflated but require different active responses: vascular pooling in the blood vessels around the eye, which produces a bluish-purple discolouration most visible through thin skin in that area, and surface pigmentation from UV exposure, post-inflammatory marks, or accumulated melanin, which produces a brownish discolouration

Heyneke E, Hoefgen R

4.2 miR-155-5p Following TLR activation, there is an observed correlation between NF-B activity and miR-155-5p

Gut microbiota modulate neurobehavior through changes in brain insulin sensitivity and metabolism

Moorlag et al