Concurrently, a spectrum of inflammatory mediatorsincluding cytokines, chemokines, and proteasesis released, collectively establishing a persistent pro-inflammatory microenvironment that sustains disease progression ( In recent years, targeted studies have further unraveled the complex regulatory mechanisms of chronic inflammation in COPD, spanning molecular pathways, cellular effects, animal models, microecological balance, and immune defense
doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2025.1638747 Received 31 May 2025 Accepted 29 July 2025 Published 12 August 2025 Volume 12 - 2025 Edited by Alicia Del Saz Lara, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Spain Reviewed by Binaya Basyal, MedStar Washington Hospital Center, United States Taner Ulus, Eskiehir Osmangazi University, Trkiye Updates Copyright 2025 Deng, Li, Li, Li, Cheng and Xiao
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Ammonia levels and hepatic encephalopathy in patients with known chronic liver disease
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