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Cochrane Database System Rev 4(4):CD008208

Carnitine Today, Springer, New York,1997:1-37 5 -McKusick ea

Funding This study was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province (CN) [NO.2024A1515030283

In addition to levodopa, DA receptor agonistssuch as pramipexole, ropinirole, and rotigotinecan also be utilized in the treatment of PD, particularly for early-stage patients or in conjunction with levodopa to delay the onset of motor complications ( In addition to directly supplementing or activating DA receptors, prolonging the duration of endogenous DA action represents another important strategy

Persistent activation of this pathway, potentially driven by chronic cellular stress, unresolved DNA damage, or microbial dysbiosis, can sustain a pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic renal microenvironment [37]