Recall that insulin is the hormone that allows the cells to uptake glucose and lower glucose levels in the blood
Rapid hydration, better absorbed
Xu B, Huang JP, Peng G, Cao W, Liu Z, Chen Y, Yao J, Wang YJ, Li J, Zhang G, Chen S, Huang SX (2024b) Total biosynthesis of the medicinal triterpenoid saponin Astragalosides

SN: serial number, RCT: randomized controlled trial, TMSC: total motile sperm count, N/A: not available, IVF: in vitro fertilization, SDF: sperm DNA fragmentation, MD: median, CI: confidence interval, -HCG: beta-human chorionic gonadotropin, LBR: live birth rate, ns: non-significant, DFI: DNA fragmentation index, SCSA: sperm chromatin structure assay, AOX: antioxidant, IMI: idiopathic male infertility, ORP: oxidation reduction potential, UMI: unexplained male infertility, BMI: body mass index, 8-OHdG: 8-hydroxy-2 -deoxyguanosine, MDA: malondialdehyde, PR: pregnancy rate, CoQ: coenzyme Q, TAC: total antioxidant capacity, GPx: glutathione peroxidase, ROS: reactive oxygen species, SCD: sperm chromatin dispersion, OAT: oligoasthenoteratozoospermia, TUNEL: terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling, CMA3: chromomycin A3, TSC: total sperm count.

Collectively, current evidence supports the view of PD as a multisystem neurodegenerative condition in which the gutimmunebrain axis contributes to neuroinflammatory processes, highlighting immunomodulatory and microbiota-targeted therapies as potential neuroprotective strategies [72]