metabolism of l carnitine The metabolite profile the pathway. The Mechanism of L-carnitine deficiency in

This is particularly important for Lyme patients who often experience gut dysfunction and malabsorption

It mainly includes scavenging free radicals (NOS) to alleviate the damage of melanocytes caused by oxidative stress, activating melanogenesis related pathways, increasing the expression of tyrosinase gene, reducing the expression of chemokines and inflammatory cytokines, preventing the migration of CD8 + T cells

Ethics declarations Ethics approval All animal procedures were conducted in accordance with the guidelines established by the National Institutes of Health Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals and were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) at the University of Maryland School of Medicine (protocol number 00000006)

doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2018.04.067 108 SonB.LeeS.KimH.KangH.KimJ.YounH.et al

Colonization occurs primarily through competitive adhesion, whereby probiotic adhesinsincluding mucus-binding proteins (MUBs), the surface-layer protein SlpA, and the pilus-tip adhesin SpaCbind with high affinity to epithelial receptors or mucins, thereby spatially excluding pathogenic bacteria such as enteropathogenic Escherichia coli and Salmonella (Roos and Jonsson, 2002