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The intestinal adaptation after bariatric surgery is associated with increased recycling of BAs, which plays a protective role against obesityrelated comorbidities ( Similar effects are observed in rats with dietinduced obesity ( VSG is a surgical procedure that is associated with an increase in serum BAs and a decrease in gene expression of the GPBAR1 receptor in the white adipose tissue, independent from dietetic variations ( When BAs bind ileal GPBAR1, peptide YY (PYY) circulating levels as well as GLP1 and GLP2 increase playing an anorexigenic effect (i.e., appetite reduction), as well as GLP1 and GLP2 ( via the FXRFXR response element (FXRE) signaling ( The gut microbiota might also be involved in this crosstalk between BAs and glucose and lipid metabolism ( Gut microbiota is responsible for the deconjugation, oxidation, sulfation, and dihydroxylation of the primary BAs to the secondary BAs ( Figure 1 )
Caliskan, Y
Key Mechanisms Identified According to the study, several mechanisms may be involved in how BPC-157 influences tissue repair: Stimulation of angiogenesis (new blood vessel formation) Interaction with nitric oxide signaling pathways Support of cellular migration and structural repair Modulation of inflammatory responses These mechanisms align with previous findings suggesting that peptide signaling plays a role in coordinating recovery processes at the cellular level
