Implication of IGF-1 in other renal pathologies The beneficial effects of IGF-1 treatment have also been observed in rats with acute renal tubulointerstitial injury induced by ureteral obstruction.50 Likewise, in vivo studies in this mouse model of obstructive nephropathy have demonstrated that IGF-1 administration reduces apoptosis, an effect that was abolished by inhibition of the ERK/MAPK signaling pathway.51 Of particular interest, renal hypertrophy in diabetes is also associated with elevated kidney IGF-1 production, similar to the compensatory hypertrophy observed in the contralateral kidney following Uni-Nx.52 In fact, while rats subjected to Uni-Nx show increased size of the remnant kidney by 30%, animals undergoing streptozotocin-induced diabetes show a 32% increase in renal size, reaching a 46% increase when the diabetic rats were subjects to Uni-Nx, which was consistent with the increased kidney IGF-1 expression.53 These effects of IGF-1 on compensatory renal growth are reduced by administration of an IGF1R antagonism in both, diabetic and Uni-Nx rats,54 as well as ex-vivo compensatory hyperfiltration in kidney samples from Uni-Nx rats.55 Similar results have been observed in non-obese diabetic mice treated with an antagonist of the GH receptor.56 These studies demonstrate that diabetes is an inductor of renal hypertrophy through activation of the kidney IGF-1 levels
Subcutaneous administration of vitamin B12 is sometimes employed, especially in patients with congenital cobalamin metabolism disorders who require high doses to maintain normal metabolic pathways
doi: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1144323 Received 14 January 2023 Accepted 08 March 2023 Published 20 March 2023 Volume 14 - 2023 Edited by Achmad Kemal Harzif, University of Indonesia, Indonesia Reviewed by Seido Takae, St
The review article by Macvanin et al
Hawking proved them wrong by living another 55 years and achieving incredible things in his career as a physicist
