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Beyond direct bacterial infiltration and the passive diffusion of free microbial products, bacterial extracellular vesicles have recently emerged as a pivotal, independent communication modality along the gutliver axis

About Glutathione peptide Glutathione acts as a major intracellular antioxidant and redox buffer, primarily through the reactive sulfur group in its cysteine residue

Antioxidant enzymes such as catalase, SOD, and GPx have the potential to protect neurons from oxidative damage and neurodegeneration

doi: 10.1016/0005-2760(82)90150-3 22 LiYFanWGuXLiuSHeTGouSet al

Bacterial lysis was performed by sonication on ice, and the lysates were clarified by centrifugation at 15,000 g for 30 min at 4C