A further five studies measured the effect of acute supplementation with l-C on high-intensity performance variables [16,24,31,32,35]
The resulting supernatant was analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC, VWR Hitachi, Radnor, Pennsylvania, USA) coupled with mass spectrometry (3200 Q Trap, AB Sciex, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA) to quantify the target compounds
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Increased TMAO levels are caused by lower clearance and increased synthesis as a result of gut dysbiosis, a weakened intestinal barrier, and increased hepatic enzyme activity
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