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We will also discuss the importance of bioavailabilitythe measure of how much of a nutrient your body actually absorbs

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Abbreviations DM1: type 1 diabetes DM2: type 2 diabetes AITD: Autoimmune thyroid disease GBD: Graves-Basedow disease APS: Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome SGLT2: inhibitors-Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 inhibitors WHO: World Health Organization THs: Thyroid hormones TR: Thyroid hormone receptors T3: Triiodothyronine MAFA: V-maf musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene homolog A MAPK/ERK kinase: Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase/Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase kinase GLUT4: Glucose Transporter Type 4 DIO2: Deiodinase II iBAT: Interscapular Brown Adipose Tissue UCP1: Uncoupling Protein 1 iWAT: Inguinal White Adipose Tissue UCP3: Uncoupling Protein 3 HIF-1: Hypoxia-inducible transcription factor 1-alpha GLUT1: Glucose Transporter Type 1 SLC16A3: Solute Carrier Family 16 Member 3 PI3K: Phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase GLUT2: Glucose Transporter Type 2 GSK3: Glycogen synthase kinase 3 SREBPS: Sterol regulatory element binding proteins FFAs: Free fatty acids PGK-3: Phosphoglycerate kinase PEPCK: Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxy kinase SCD1: Stearoyl-CoA desaturase LXR: Liver X receptor PPARs: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors AMPK: AMP-dependent kinase VEGF: Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor PON1: Paraoxonase 1 SIRT2: Sirtuin 2 LT4: Levothyroxine TRH: Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone TSH: Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone FT4: Free Thyroxine TPOAb: Antithyroid peroxidase antibodies anti-GAD: Glutamic acid decarboxylase-antibodies EDCs: Endocrine disrupting chemicals PCBs: Polychlorinated biphenyls BPA: Bisphenol A DHA: Docosahexaenoic Acid EPA: Eicosapentaenoic Acid CNS: Central Nervous System NIS: Sodium/Iodide Symporter MSCs: Mesenchymal Stem Cells AhR: Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor MSG: Monosodium glutamate GLP-1: Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 PCOS: Polycystic Ovary Syndrome TBG: Thyroid hormone-binding globulin rT3: Reverse Triiodothyronine TAG: Triacylglycerols PGs: Prostaglandins TNF-: Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha IL-6: Interleukin 6 PET: Positron Emission Tomography FDG: Fluorodeoxyglucose COX-2: Cyclooxygenase-2 TRPV-1: Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 1 ApoD: Apolipoprotein D AgRP: Agouti-related peptide NPY: Neuropeptide Y ARC: Arcuate nucleus ADGRA1: Adhesion G protein-coupled receptor A1 HPT axis: HypothalamicPituitaryThyroid axis NE: Norepinephrine FASN: Fatty Acid Synthase MAFLD: Metabolic DysfunctionAssociated Fatty Liver Disease HMG-CoA-3: Hydroxy-3-MethylglutarylCoenzyme A ESS: Euthyroid sick syndrome ETA: European Thyroid Association ATA: American Thyroid Association RAI: Radioiodine therapy SAT: Subacute thyroiditis LBW: Lean body weight NF-B: Nuclear Factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells NADH: Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide cAMP: cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate mTORC1: mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex 1 Bdh1: hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase IRF4: Interferon Regulatory Factor 4 MCP-1: Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 ICAM: Intercellular Adhesion Molecule VCAM: Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule NLRP3: NOD-, LRR- and Pyrin Domain-Containing Protein 3 JAK2/STAT1: Janus Kinase 2/Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 1 mTOR: mechanistic/mammalian target of rapamycin Akt/mTOR: Protein Kinase B (Akt)/mechanistic Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) HFpEF: Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction HFrEF: Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction Nrf2: Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2Related Factor 2 Nrf2/ARE: Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2Related Factor 2/Antioxidant Response Element TGF-/Smad: Transforming Growth Factor-beta/Smad proteins HLA-DR: Human Leukocyte Antigen DR isotype PD-1: Programmed Cell Death Protein 1 PD-1/PD-L1: Programmed Cell Death Protein 1/Programmed Death-Ligand 1 CXCL10: C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 10 -H2AX: Phosphorylated Histone H2AX ATM/CHK2: Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated/Checkpoint Kinase 2 GO: Graves orbithopathy HA: Hyaluronic acid TSHR: Thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor TRAb: TSH receptor antibodies TRStimAbs: TSH receptor stimulating antibodies GAGs: Glycosaminoglycans TZDs: Thiazolidinediones RAA: ReninAngiotensinAldosterone system HAS2: hyaluronan synthase 2 HF: Heart failure CKD: Chronic kidney disease THRT: Thyroid hormone replacement therapy GFR: Glomerular filtration rate ROS: Reactive Oxygen Species MDA: Malondialdehyde acid mtTFA: Mitochondrial Transcription Factor A DAPA: Dapagliflozin ECG: Electrocardiogram References Tunbridge WM, Evered DC