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The Broad Institute CMap provides powerful data but uses specific cell lines and conditions that may not perfectly represent all tissue types

Peptides like Thymosin alpha-1 and a class of synthetic immune-modulatory peptides modulate immune responses without completely suppressing them, maintaining defense against pathogens

The mechanism is well-characterized

At ~504 Da molecular weight with only two amino acid residues (Tyr-Ile core), it falls below the typical size range of bioactive peptides

They exhibit different subcellular localizations: SIRT1, SIRT6, and SIRT7 are nuclear (although SIRT1 isoforms were also identified in the cytoplasm)