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Nrf2, a key player in this process, is responsible for the activation of the antioxidant response element and subsequent expression of antioxidant enzymes

Carnitine: an osmolyte that plays a metabolic role

Melatonin may also alleviate cadmium-induced endoplasmic reticulum and cellular stress, regulate unfolded protein response, influence germ cell apoptosis, and prevent neurotoxic effects

Furthermore, glutamine supplementation can increase ammonia production while also impairing ammonia transport and detoxification [50]

No data are shown for IDY-2, because this inactivated dry yeast did not show any effects (see Figure 3)