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Research applications include investigations into NAD+ metabolism, mitochondrial function, and metabolic adaptation.

Knockout of the de novo DNA methyltransferase DNMT3A in human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived cardiomyocytes within engineered heart tissues (EHTs) causes mitochondrial dysfunction, impaired glucose metabolism, and intracellular lipid accumulation under baseline conditions

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This method is common in animal models to study systemic or localized but deeper tissue effects